| The term computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) was first coined by Greif and Cashman in 1984, at a workshop attended by individuals interested in using technology to support people in their work (Grudin
1994). According to Carstensen and
Schmidt (2002), CSCW addresses "how
collaborative activities and their coordination can be supported by means of computer systems." On the one hand, many authors consider that CSCW and groupware are synonyms. Ellis (1993) defines groupware as "computer-based
systems that support groups of people engaged in a common task (or goal) and that provide an interface to a shared environment."
On the other hand, different authors claim that while groupware refers to real computer-based systems, CSCW focuses on the study
of tools and techniques of groupware as well as their psychological, social, and organizational effects. The definition of
Wilson (1991) expresses the difference between these two concepts:
- CSCW [is] a generic term, which combines the understanding of the way people work in groups with the enabling technologies
of computer networking, and associated hardware, software, services and techniques.
A lot of confusion in the field of CSCW raises from the different interpretations of the terms collaboration and cooperation. Once again, many
authors simply consider both terms as synonyms, while others (cf. Dillenbourg, Baker et al. 1995) draw a distinction between
them:
- Cooperation and collaboration do not differ in terms of whether or not the task is distributed, but by virtue of the way
in which it is divided; in cooperation the task is split (hierarchically) into independent subtasks; in collaboration cognitive
processes may be (heterarchically) divided into intertwined layers. In cooperation, coordination is only required when assembling
partial results, while collaboration is « ...a coordinated, synchronous activity that is the result of a continued attempt to
construct and maintain a shared conception of a problem ».
The concept of cooperation is often used in relation to the concepts of coordination and communication. First, the splitting of a cooperative task into independent
subtasks naturally leads to a need for coordination. In this context, coordination can be defined as "the management of
dependencies between activities and the support of (inter) dependencies among actors" (Bordeau and Wasson 1997). Then,
communication can be defined as a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of
symbols, signs, or behaviors. According to Brehmer (1991), "communication is the cement of the organization, and the greater
the need for coordination and cooperation, the greater the necessity for communication."
Examples
Tools used in the context of CSCW include
References
- Bannon, L. and K. Schmidt (1991). CSCW - four characters in search of a context. Studies in computer supported cooperative
work - theory, practice and design. J. M. Bowers and S. Benford. Amsterdam, North Holland.
- Bordeau, J. and B. Wasson (1997). Orchestrating collaboration in collaborative telelearning. Artificial intelligence in
education. B. Boulay and R. Mizoguchi, IOS Press: 565-567.
- Brehmer, B. (1991). Distributed decision making: some notes on the literature. Distributed decision making : cognitive
models for cooperative work. J. Rasmussen, B. Brehmer and J. Leplat. Chichester, England ; New York, Wiley.
- Carstensen, P. H. and K. Schmidt (2002). Computer supported cooperative work: New challenges to systems design. Handbook of
Human Factors. K. Itoh. Tokyo, [in press].
- Coleman, D. and R. Khanna (1995). Groupware : technologies and applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall
PTR.
- Dillenbourg, P., M. Baker, A. Blaye and C. O’Malley (1995). The Evolution of Research on Collaborative Learning.
Learning in humans and machines. Towards an interdisciplinary learning science. P. Reimann and H. Spada. London, Pergamon:
189-211.
- Ellis, C. A., S. J. Gibbs and G. L. Rein (1991). "Groupware: some issues and experiences." Communications of the ACM 34(1):
38-59.
- Ellis, C. A., S. J. Gibbs and G. L. Rein (1993). Groupware some issues and experiences. Readings in groupware and
computer-supported cooperative work. R. M. Baecker, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.
- Grudin, J. (1994). "Computer-supported cooperative work: Its history and participation." IEEE Computer 27(5): 19-26.
- Wilson, P. (1991). Computer supported cooperative work : an introduction. Oxford, England Norwell, MA, Intellect ;
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers.
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