- For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation)
Cornwall (Cornish: Kernow or occasionally
Curnow) is the part of Great Britain's south-west peninsula that is west of the River
Tamar, often known as the Cornish peninsula or plateau. Cornwall is an administrative and ceremonial county of England,
although the constitutional status of
Cornwall is the subject of controversy. The region has a distinctive culture and identity, and some residents speak the
Cornish language. A Cornish nationalist movement seeks to gain the area more autonomy. Cornwall's motto is "One And All". Also associated with Cornwall are the Isles of Scilly.
Transport
Cornwall borders the county of Devon at the River Tamar. Major road links between
Cornwall and the rest of England are the A38 which crosses the Tamar at Plymouth via the Tamar Bridge, and
the A30 which crosses the border south of Launceston. A car ferry also links Plymouth with the town of Torpoint on the
opposite side of the Hamoaze. A rail bridge, the Royal Albert Bridge, built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1859) provides the only other major
transport link.
History
The modern English name is derived from the tribal name Cornovii and the
Anglo-Saxon word wealas meaning "foreigners".
Cornovii may mean "horn (i.e. peninsula) people". Wealas is also
the origin of the name Wales. [1] (http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/history/ab-hi32.htm). The Romans knew the area as Cornubia,
while in Cornish it was known as Kernow or Curnow; a name which has regained some currency today. It is worthy of
note that on many maps produced before 18th century Cornwall was depicted as a nation of Great Britain, most notably Gerardus Mercator
(1512) in his Atlas [2] (http://www.walkingtree.com/).
Cornwall was the principal source of tin for the civilisations of the ancient Mediterranean, and at one
time the Cornish were the world's foremost experts at mining. As Cornwall's reserves of tin began to be exhausted many Cornishmen
emigrated to places such as the Americas, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa where their skills were in demand. The Cornish Rebellion of 1497 is attributed to Tin miners.
The tin mines in Cornwall are now economically worked-out at current prices, but the expertise and culture of the Cornish tin
miners lives on in a number of places around the world. It is said that, wherever you may go in the world, if you see a hole in
the ground, you'll find a Cornishman at the bottom of it. Several Cornish mining words are in use in English language mining
terminology, such as costean, gunnies,
and vug.
In 1841 there were nine hundreds of Cornwall, East, Kerrier, Lesneweth, Penwith, Powder,
Pydar, Stratton, Trigg and West. The shire suffix has been attached to various of these, notably Powdershire and Triggshire, and East and West
appear to be divisions of Wivelshire.
The names of Kerrier and Penwith have been re-used for modern local government districts.
Since the decline of tin mining, farming and fishing, the area's economy has become increasingly dependent on tourism —
some of the world's most spectacular coastal scenery can be found here. However, behind the facade lies an economically depressed
and neglected region. This has been recognised by the EU and Cornwall has been granted Objective One status. A political party, Mebyon Kernow, the MK, or 'Sons of Cornwall', has been formed in order to attempt to reassert some degree of
autonomy (see Cornish nationalist) and although increasingly
the flag of St. Piran is seen across Cornwall at protests and demonstrations, the party has not achieved significant success at
the ballot box, although they do have some councillors.
Recently there have been some interesting developments in the recognition of Cornish identity or ethnicity. In 2001 for the first time in the UK the inhabitants of Cornwall could record their ethnicity as Cornish on the national census. Campaigners, although happy with this change, expressed reservations about the lack of publicity
surrounding the issue, the lack of a clear tick box for a Cornish option on the census and the need to deny being British in order to write Cornish in the "others" box.
In 2004 the schools census in Cornwall carried a Cornish option as a subdivision of white British. This came about
after a successful campaign by parent groups and Cornwall 2000.
Additionally within the past few years the Council of Europe
has been applying increasing pressure on the UK government to recognise the Cornish for protection under the councils Framework Convention for the Protection of National
Minorities.
Language
The Cornish language is closely related to Welsh and Breton,
and less so to Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx. It continued as a
living Celtic language until 1777 and the death of Dolly Pentreath, the last person
thought to have used only the Cornish language (although this is
disputed on a number of counts). The publication of Henry Jenner's
"Handbook of the Cornish Language" in 1904 caused a resurgence of interest in the Cornish
language and efforts are being made to revive it. Although there has never been a census, there are some 2,000 Cornish speakers,
100-150 of whom are fluent. It has recently been officially recognised by the UK government as a minority language.
Some Cornish surnames are prefixed by Tre, Pol, or Pen, as indicated in the rhyme "by Tre, Pol and Pen ye
shall know Cornishmen." These come from Cornish language words meaning, respectively, town (or farm), pool,
and head.
Religion
Traditionally, the Cornish have been nonconformists, in religion. Celtic Christianity was a feature of Cornwall and many Cornish saints are commemorated in legends, churches and placenames.
In contrast to the Welsh language, the churches failed to produce a
translation of the Bible into the local language, and this has been seen by some as a
crucial factor in the demise of the language. The bible was translated into Cornish in
2004.
In the 1540s, the Prayer Book Rebellion caused the
deaths of thousands of Cornish.
The Methodism of John
Wesley also proved to be very popular with the working classes in Cornwall in the 18th century. Methodist chapels became important social centres, with male voice choirs and other
church-affiliated groups playing a central role in the social lives of working class Cornishmen. Methodism still plays a large
part in the religious life of Cornwall today, although Cornwall has shared in the post-World War II decline in British religious feeling.
In 2003, a campaign group was formed called Fry an Spyrys (free the spirit in Cornish) [3] (http://www.freethespirit.org.uk/). It is dedicated to disestablishing the Church of England in Cornwall and to forming an autonomous province of
the Anglican Communion - a Church of Cornwall. Its chairman is Dr Garry Tregidga of the Institute of Cornish Studies. The
Anglican Church in Wales was disestablished to form the Church in
Wales in 1920 and in Ireland in 1869.
Politics
Although Cornwall is politically a county of England, an independence movement exists that seeks to give the area more
autonomy. Additionally some groups and individuals question the constitutional nature of Cornwall and its relation to the
Duchy of Cornwall. Cornish nationalist have organised into two
political parties: Mebyon Kernow and the Cornish Nationalist Party. In addition to the political
parties the Cornish Stannary Parliament acts as a pressure group on Cornish
constitutional issues and Cornwall 2000 the Human Rights organisation works
with Cornish cultural issues. In November 2000 the Cornish Constitutional Convention was formed. It is a cross-party organisation
including representatives from the private, public and voluntary sectors, of all political parties and none.
Between 5 March 2000 and December 2001, the
campaign for a Cornish Assembly collected the signatures of over 50,000 people endorsing the Declaration for a Cornish Assembly.
The British government however has no current plans to devolve
power to Cornwall and the issue does not receive much political or media attention.
Parliamentary representation for Cornwall is dominated by the Liberal Democrats. Currently four out of the five Cornish MP's are Liberal Democrat the remaining MP is
from the Labour Party. The Liberal Democrats often support moves for
devolved agencies and governance to Cornwall.
Flag
There is some dispute about whether the patron saint of Cornwall is Saint
Michael, Saint Petroc or Saint Piran. Saint Piran is the most popular of the three; his emblem (a vertical white cross on a black
background) is recognised as the flag of Cornwall, and his day (March 5) is
celebrated by Cornish people around the world. Saint Piran's
Flag has been adopted by Cornish secessionists, but it is used much more as a non-political symbol of Cornwall - by those
wishing to display a loyalty and pride in their county, for example. It even features on the packaging for Ginster's Cornish pasties to advertise their status as a Cornwall-based company.
Cornish studies and literary references
The Institute of Cornish Studies, established in 1970, moved to the new Combined Universities in Cornwall Campus at Tremough, Penryn in October of 2004. The
institute is a branch of the University of Exeter.
On Cornish history, Philip
Payton professor of Exeter University's department of Cornish studies has written Cornwall a History as well as
editing the Cornish studies series.
Mark Stoyle Senior Lecturer in
Early Modern History at the University of
Southampton asks ‘Are the Cornish English?’in his book West Britons a work on Cornish history exploring
the nature of Cornishness in the early modern period.
John Angarrack of the human
rights organisation Cornwall
2000 has produced two books to date. Breaking the Chains and Our Future is History are polemical reexaminations
of Cornish history and identity.
Cornish World is a colour magazine covering all aspects of Cornish life, it has proved popular with the descendants of
Cornish emigrants as well as Cornish residents, it is produced in Cornwall.
Notable Cornish writers include Arthur Quiller-Couch
alias "Q", the deaf short story writer, Jack Clemo and D M Thomas acclaimed author and poet.
Cornwall also produced a substantial amount of passion plays during the
Middle Ages. Many are still extant, and provide valuable information about the Cornish language.
Daphne du Maurier lived in Cornwall and set many of her novels
there, including Rebecca, Jamaica Inn, Frenchman's
Creek, My Cousin Rachel, and The House on the
Strand. She is also noted for writing Vanishing Cornwall.
Charles de Lint, writer of many modern and urban fairy tales, set his novel The Little Country in the
village of Mousehole in Cornwall.
Gilbert and Sullivan based their musical The Pirates of Penzance in Cornwall.
Cornwall is featured heavily in the beginning of The Mists
of Avalon by Marion Zimmer Bradley as the home of
Igraine, wife of Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall. The castle at Tintagel has been said to
be the birthplace of King Arthur.
Cornwall was the setting for the popular series of Poldark books by
Winston Graham, and for the television series based on those books.
Other culture
Music and festivals
Cornwall has a rich and vibrant folk music tradition which has survived into the present. Cornwall is well known for some of
its unusual folk survivals such as the Padstow Hobby Horse, Helston Floral dance
and Mummers Plays.
Cornish players are regular participants in inter-Celtic festivals, and Cornwall itself has several lively inter-Celtic
festivals such as Perranporth's folk festival.
Sports and Games
Cornwall has its own unique form of wrestling related to
Breton wrestling.
Cornwall's other national sport is hurling, a kind
of medieval football played with a silver ball. Hurling is distinct from Irish Hurling. The sport now takes place in St Columb and St Ives
only.
Rugby has a larger following in Cornwall than football. The county team often drawing very large crowds of supporters, dubbed Trelawny's Army.
Due to its large coastline, various maritime sports are popular in Cornwall, notably sailing and surfing. International events in both are held in Cornwall.
Cornwall will host the Inter Celtic Watersports Festival in 2006.
In 2005 a campaign [4] (http://home.btconnect.com/graham-hart/cis-index.htm) was started for a Cornish national team
to be included in the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the argument
being that Cornwall is one of the historic nations of the British
Isles.
Euchre is a popular card game in
Cornwall, it is normally a game for four players consisting of two teams. Its origins are unclear but some claim it is a Cornish
game. There are several leagues in Cornwall at present.
Food
Cornwall is famous for its pasties (a type of pie), but saffron buns, Cornish Heavy (Hevva) Cake, Cornish fairings (biscuit), Cornish fudge and Cornish ice cream are also quite common.
Cornwall with the South West shares clotted cream and many types of
cider. There are also many types of beers brewed
in Cornwall including a stout and there is some small scale production of wine.
Settlements
This is a list of the main towns and cities in the county; for a complete list of settlements see list of places in Cornwall.
- Bodmin, Boscastle, Bude
- Camborne, Charlestown, Coverack
- Falmouth, Fowey
- Hayle, Helston
- Launceston, Liskeard,
Lizard, Looe
- Marazion, Mevagissey,
Mousehole
- Newlyn, Newquay, Newtown
- Padstow, Penzance
- Redruth
- Saltash, St Austell, St Ives, St Just, St Mawes
- Truro
Places of interest
The Isles of Scilly have in some periods been served by the same
county administration as Cornwall, but are today a separate Unitary
Authority. Some secessionists have found the phrase "English Heritage" to be controversial, and in 2003, there has been a
general move to replace these signs, and the Tudor Rose with the Cornish flag, after a group started removing them.
External links
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