- "Hamas" is also the former name of the Movement of Society for Peace, a political party in Algeria.
Hamas, acronym of Harakat al-Muqawamah al-Islamiyyah (Arabic: Islamic Resistance Movement, Hamas is also
Arabic for 'zeal' or 'courage') is a Palestinian Islamist paramilitary and political organization, regarded by some as a militant organization and by others as a terrorist group.
The United States, Canada,
Israel and the European
Union, among others, consider Hamas a terrorist organization.
Hamas was founded by Shaikh Ahmed
Yassin (later assassinated by the Israelis) and Mohammad Taha in late 1987, inspired by the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. Currently led by Khaled Mashaal, the movement is dedicated to fighting the Israeli occupation of Palestine, which, in Hamas' definition, includes all of Israel and the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip. The organization is highly popular among Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. It also has a following in the West Bank, and, to a lesser extent, in Israel, other Middle
Eastern countries and throughout the Palestinian diaspora.
The movement's popularity stems from its paramilitary activities and its charitable operations; the provision of welfare and
social services to the Palestinian poor. Hamas is notorious for using the tactic of suicide bombing against Israel, particularly against civilians in busy city areas.
Suicide attacks are an element of Hamas' asymmetric warfare
against Israel. Because Hamas considers all Israelis to be active participants in an illegal occupation of Palestinian land and
because Israel's policy of universal conscription implies that a majority
of adults either serve in the Israeli military or reserves for some portion of their lives, Hamas does not distinguish between
Israeli civilian and military targets. The failure to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants has helped to earn Hamas
the label of "terrorist organization."
Hamas also fights a guerrilla war against the Israeli military and
security forces in its effort to drive them from the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and ultimately to eliminate the state of Israel
and replace it with an Islamic state. As well as suicide bombings (mostly targeting civilians and occasionally against the
military) Hamas guerrillas also carry out non-suicidal attacks, such as planting bombs and carrying out shooting attacks in
Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The organization's goal to destroy Israel in its entirety has made its leaders prime
targets for assassinations.
Background
Hamas regards the land that it calls Palestine, including all of present-day
Israel, as an Islamic homeland that can never be surrendered to non-Muslims, and
asserts that individual and community struggle (jihad) to wrest control of the
land from Israel is a religious duty for all Muslims. This position is more radical than that of the secular PLO, which in 1988 recognized Israel's sovereignty. Hamas does
not recognize Israel as a sovereign state and refers to Israel as the "Zionist entity". Hamas likens its own membership to the
followers of Muhammad and the Kurdish Muslim
warrior Saladin.
According to the Washington Institute, Hamas views the Arab-Israeli conflict as "a religious struggle between Islam
and Judaism that can only be resolved by the destruction of the State of Israel."
[1] (http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/pubs/pfs/pfs19exe.htm)
Hamas uses both political activities and terrorist violence to pursue its goal of establishing an Islamic Palestinian state in place of Israel and the secular Palestinian Authority. As of 2004, Hamas' strength is
concentrated in the Gaza Strip and a few areas of the West Bank. Israeli military operations during the Al Aqsa Intifada in 2002 put pressure on Hamas in the West Bank following
several bombings in Israel for which Hamas claimed responsibility. Hamas has also engaged in peaceful political activity, such as
running candidates in West Bank Chamber of Commerce
elections. In December 2004, one of Hamas' leaders stated that the group was seriously
considering participating in the upcoming Palestinian Authority legislative elections, but the terrorist group boycotted PA
elections as it had in the past.[2] (http://www.aljazeera.com/cgi-bin/news_service/middle_east_full_story.asp?service_ID=5900)
The Name
Hamas is an abbreviation of Harakat al-Muqawamah al-Islamiyyah (Arabic: Islamic Resistance Movement), and the acronym is colloquial Arabic for "enthusiasm" or
"zeal." Its military wing is known as the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades (to commemorate Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, the father of modern
Arab resistance, killed by the British in 1935). Armed Hamas cells also sometimes refer to themselves as "Students of Ayyash,"
"Students of the Engineer," or "Yahya Ayyash Units," to commemorate Yahya
Ayash, an early Hamas bomb-maker who was assassinated by Israel in 1996 for designing explosive devices used in operations
that killed more than 50 Israelis.
Beliefs
The Hamas Covenant, written in 1988, states that the organization's goal is to "raise the banner of Allah over every inch of Palestine," i.e. to eliminate the State of Israel (and any secular Palestinian state
which may be established), and to replace it with an Islamic
republic.
The thirty-six articles of the Covenant detail the movement's Islamist beliefs
regarding the primacy of Islam in all aspects of life. The Covenant identifies Hamas as the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine and
considers its members to be Muslims who "fear Allah and raise the banner of Jihad in the face of the oppressors." Hamas describes
resisting and quelling the enemy as the individual duty of every Muslim and prescribes revolutionary roles for all members of
society; including men and women, professionals, scientists and students.
The slogan of Hamas is "Allah is its target, the Prophet is its model, the Koran its constitution: Jihad is its path and death
for the sake of Allah is the loftiest of its wishes." Hamas states that its objective is to support the oppressed and wronged and
"to bring about justice and defeat injustice, in word and deed." Hamas believes that "the land of Palestine is an Islamic
Waqf (trust) consecrated for future Moslem generations until Judgment Day," and as such,
the land cannot be negotiated away by any political leader. Hamas rejects "so-called peaceful solutions and international
conferences" as incapable of realizing justice or restoring rights to the oppressed, believing "there is no solution for the
Palestinian question except through Jihad."
The Hamas Covenant cites the anti-Semitic The Protocols of the Elders of Zion,
describing it as "the embodiment of the Zionist plan to usurp Palestine". Hamas dismisses the Freemasons, Lions Club, and the
Rotarians as organizations promoting "the interest of
Zionism." Some Hamas members have alleged that Jewish people were responsible for the
French Revolution, "Western colonialism," and both World
Wars.
Top Hamas leaders have reiterated beliefs of Holocaust denial.
Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi contended that the Holocaust never occurred as described by Western historians and that Zionists at one time
supported and funded Nazi activities.
History
Hamas was funded directly and indirectly during the 1970s and 1980s by various states including Saudi Arabia and
Syria. The political/charitable arm of Hamas was officially registered and recognized
within Israel at this time: indeed Israel supported and encouraged Hamas' early growth in an effort to undermine the secular
Fatah movement of Yasser Arafat.
Hamas abstained from politics throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, concentrating on social issues such as exposing corruption,
administration of waqf (trusts) and organizing community projects. Towards the mid-80s, however, the movement was taken
over by a militant faction led by Sheikh Ahmed Yassin.
The acronym "Hamas" first appeared in 1987 in a leaflet accusing Israeli intelligence services of undermining the moral fibre of Palestinian youth as part of their recruitment
of "collaborators." The use of violence by Hamas appeared almost
contemporaneously with the first Intifada, beginning with the so-called punishment
of collaborators, progressing to attacks against Israeli military targets and moving on to violence aimed at civilians. As its
methods have changed over the last thirty years, so has its rhetoric, now effectively claiming that Israeli civilians are
"military targets" by virtue of living in a state with a military
draft.
According to the semi-official Hamas biography "Truth and existence," Hamas evolved through four main stages:
- 1967-1976: Construction of the Muslim Brotherhood
in the Gaza Strip in the face of "oppressive Israeli rule";
- 1976-1981: Geographical expansion through
participation in professional associations in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, and institution building, notably al-Mujamma` al-islami, al-Jam`iyya al-islamiyya, and
the Islamic University in Gaza;
- 1981-1987: Political influence through
establishment of the mechanisms of action and preparation for armed struggle;
- 1987: Founding of Hamas as the combatant arm of the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine and
the launching of a continuing Jihad.
Whilst this reflects the activities of Hamas in the Gaza Strip, the organization in the West Bank developed differently, with
less emphasis at the beginning on the creation or control of public institutions. The Muslim Brotherhood in the West Bank
constituted an integral part of the Jordanian Islamic movement, which for many years had been aligned with the Hashemite regime. Furthermore, the Muslim Brotherhood in the West Bank represented a
higher socio-economic profile, consisting of merchants, landowners, and middle-class officials and professionals. By the
mid-1980s, the Muslim Brotherhood held a significant portion of the positions in West Bank religious institutions.
On January 26, 2004, senior Hamas official Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi offered a 10-year truce, or hudna, in return for a complete withdrawal by Israel from the territories captured in the Six Day War, and the establishment of a Palestinian state. Hamas leader Sheikh Ahmed Yassin stated that
the group could accept a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Rantissi confirmed that Hamas had come to the
conclusion that it was "difficult to liberate all our land at this stage, so we accept a phased liberation." He said the truce
could last 10 years, though "not more than 10 years." [3]
(http://www.aljazeerah.info/News%20archives/2004%20News%20archives/Jan/27n/Hamas%20proposal%20of%2010year%20truce%20scorned.htm)
(See Hudna)
On March 22, 2004, Yassin was assassinated in an Israeli missile strike. Rantissi replaced him as the leader of Hamas. On
March 28, Rantissi stated in a speech given at the Islamic University of Gaza
City that "America declared war against God. Sharon declared war against God, and God declared war against America, Bush and
Sharon."
On April 17, 2004, Rantissi was also assassinated in an airstrike by the Israel Defense Forces, five hours after a fatal suicide bombing by Hamas. Khaled Mashaal, the leader of Hamas in Syria, said Hamas should not disclose
the name of its next leader in Gaza. [4] (http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/18/international/middleeast/18MIDE.html)
On April 18, 2004, Hamas secretly selected a new leader in the Gaza Strip, fearing he will be killed if his identity is made
public. (NYT) (http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/international/AP-Israel-Palestinians.html?hp). However,
Israel believes that the new leader is Mahmoud al-Zahar; the
second-in-command, Ismail
Haniya; and third-in-command, Sa'id A-Siyam. [5] (http://www.israelnn.com/news.php3?id=61435)
As of 2004, Israeli military and intelligence sources believed that the Hamas infrastructure in the West Bank and Gaza Strip
has been significantly weakened by Israeli military operations. Israeli sources have noted that no prominent attacks have been
claimed by West Bank-based Hamas members (whereas bombings by the Fatah-linked Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades continued), even though the Hamas leadership had reputedly ordered an
escalation of suicide attacks after the assassinations of Yassin and Rantissi. The West Bank has been under increased Israeli
military control since Operation Defensive
Shield was launched in April 2002, which severely limited the mobility and organization of the remaining Hamas
membership.
In the Gaza Strip, on the other hand, Hamas is generally seen as a major force, rivalling Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement.
In 2004, in a prelude to the planned Israeli withdrawal from the Gaza Strip, Israeli forces carried out a number of military
attacks on Gaza cities and refugees camps, seeking to draw out and kill Hamas-affiliated gunmen. Awareness of high casualties
during such incursions has led the Hamas leadership to instruct its activists to avoid putting themselves needlessly in the line
of fire.
In September 2004, Israeli army chief Moshe Yaalon said that Israel
would "deal with ... those who support terrorism," including those in "terror command posts in Damascus." On September 26, 2004,
Hamas guerrilla leader Izz El-Deen Sheikh Khalil was assassinated by a car bomb in Damascus, Syria. Khalil was described
variously as "mid-level," "senior," a "distinguished member," and "believed to be in charge of the group's military wing outside
the Palestinian territories." [6] (http://wireservice.wired.com/wired/story.asp?section=Breaking&storyId=927356&tw=wn_wire_story)
Although the Israeli government offered no official confirmation, anonymous Israeli officials acknowledged responsibility for
the attack. In a statement released in Gaza, Hamas threatened to target Israelis abroad in retaliation. [7] (http://olympics.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=worldNews&storyID=6334113)[8] (http://www.boston.com/dailynews/270/world/Car_bomb_kills_Hamas_operative:.shtml).
Activities
Hamas militants, especially those in the Izz el-Din al-Qassam Brigades, have conducted many attacks, including large-scale
suicide bombings against Israeli civilian targets. These include the
Passover massacre in March 2002, in which 30 people were killed; the Jerusalem bus 20 massacre in November 2002 (11 dead); the Jerusalem bus 2 massacre in August 2003 (23 dead); and many more. Hundreds of Israeli civilians have been killed in Hamas suicide
attacks between the 2000 and 2004. Hamas has used female
suicide bombers, including a mother of six and a mother of two children under the age of 10.Hamas claims that all suicide
bombers volunteer for what Hamas terms "martyrdom operations" however an anonymous
Israeli military source claims that the one of the women was forced to commit these acts under threat of what is termed an
"honor killing". [9] (http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,2763,1131866,00.html)[10] (http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=19474)
Hamas has also attacked Israeli military and security forces targets (mostly inside the West Bank and Gaza Strip and
occasionally inside Israel), suspected Palestinian collaborators, and Fatah rivals.
Hamas also shelled the Gush Katif Israeli settlements in Gaza with homemade
mortars. So far, about 4500 (as for Sep 2004) mortar shells have
landed in Gush Katif, killing 3 people.
Since 2002, Hamas has used homemade Qassam rockets to hit Israeli towns in the Negev, such as Sderot. The introduction of the Qassam-2 rocket has allowed Hamas to reach large Israeli cities such as Ashkelon, bringing great concern to the Israeli populace and many attempts by the Israeli military to stop the
proliferation and use of the rockets.
In addition to its violent attacks, Hamas has many relief and education
programs. These programs are viewed variously as part of a sincere social development agenda, an integrated para-state policy, as propaganda and recruitment
exercises, or both.
In addition to its paramilitary activities, Hamas funds a number of charitable activities, primarily in the Gaza Strip. These include religious institutions, medical facilities, and social needs
of the area's residents. The work of Hamas in these fields is in addition to that provided by the United Nations Relief Works Agency (UNRWA).
The charitable trust Holy Land
Foundation for Relief and Development was accused in December 2001 of funding Hamas.
Hamas has an unknown number of hard-line members and tens of thousands of supporters and sympathizers. It receives funding
from Palestinian expatriates, from Iran,
and from private benefactors in Saudi Arabia and in other Arab states. Some fundraising and propaganda activity take place in Western Europe, North America and South America. Like Hezbollah, Hamas has been known to use illicit drug sales to
raise funds for its operations.
Hamas is believed to operate dozens of websites. A current listing can be found at Internet-Haganah (External link below).
The main website of
Hamas (http://www.palestine-info.info/) provides translations of official
communiques and propaganda in Persian, Urdu, Malay, Russian, English, and Arabic.
In the Gaza Strip, the Palestinian Authority is reportedly losing control to Hamas, especially in the Jabalia refugee camp and the neighboring town of Jabalia in the north of the Gaza Strip, the
Dir al-Balah area in the center of
the Gaza Strip, Abasan to the south of it and the Dahaniyeh region in the south.
Legal Action against Hamas
In 2004, a federal court in the United States found Hamas guilty in a civil lawsuit regarding the 1996 murders of Yaron and
Efrat Ungar near Beit Shemesh, Israel. Hamas has been ordered to pay the families of the Ungar's $116 million. On July 5, 2004, the court issued a default judgement against the Palestinian Authority and the PLO regarding the Ungar's claim that the Palestinian Authority and the PLO provide safe haven to Hamas.
On August 20, 2004, three Palestinians,
one a naturalized American citizen, were charged with a "lengthy racketeering conspiracy to provide money for terrorist acts in Israel". The indicted include Mousa Mohammed Abu
Marzook, senior member of Hamas, believed to be currently in Damascus, Syria and considered a fugitive. The two others
— Muhammad Hamid Khalil Salah of Chicago and Abdelhaleem Hasan Abdelraziq Ashqar of Alexandria, Va. — were arrested on
August 19. The indictment states that Salah received $50,000 which was used over
the course of the following three months to help Hamas finance eight terrorist attacks that resulted in the deaths of numerous
Israeli civilians [11] (http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ap/hamas_indictments)(Washington Times) (http://washingtontimes.com/national/20040820-113158-5933r.htm).
List of notable Hamas members
- West Bank
- Mohammad Taha - co founder
of Hamas (arrested by Israel, March 2003)
- Qawasameh clan in Hebron - provided local leaders and suicide bombers to Hamas (many members assassinated by
Israel, one arrested, 2002-2003)
- Yahya Ayyash - the "Muhandees", a senior bomb-maker (assassinated by Israel, 1996)
- Arab and Muslim countries
- Khaled Mashal - leader of Hamas, based in Damascus, believed to have fled to Iran in September 2004.
- Mousa Abu Marzuk -
Hamas senior, Damascus, believed to have fled Syria in September 2004.
- Izz El-Deen Sheikh Khalil - Hamas mid-level,
"military wing" (according to Israel) Damascus (assassinated by Israel, 2004)
External links
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