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Abaara topic:
July 20
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| July 20 |
July 20 is the 201st day (202nd in leap years) of the year in the
Gregorian Calendar, with 164 days remaining.
Events
To 1300
1300-1899
- 1304 - Great Britain: Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold in the Wars of Scottish Independence.
- 1524 - Queen
Claude of France
- 1712 - United Kingdom: The
Riot Act took effect.
- 1738 - North America: French
explorer Pierre de
la Verendrye reaches the western shore of Lake Michigan.
- 1810 - South America: Colombia declares independence from Spain.
- 1833 - United States: An
Anti-Mormon mob in Independence, Missouri, destroys the printing
press for the Book of Commandments, now among
the most valuable 19th century books.
- 1861 - American Civil
War: The Congress of the Confederate States of America began sitting in
Richmond, Virginia.
- 1864 - American Civil
War: Battle of Peachtree Creek - Near
Atlanta, Georgia, Confederate forces led by General John Bell Hood. unsuccessfully attack Union troops
under General William T. Sherman.
- 1866 - Europe: Battle of Lissa - the Austrian navy, led by Admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff, defeats the Italian navy near
the island of Vis.
- 1871 - North America: British Columbia joins the confederation of Canada.
- 1872 - Technology: The United States Patent Office awards the first patent for wireless
telegraphy to Mahlon
Loomis.
- 1877 - United States: Rioting in Baltimore,
Maryland by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
workers is put down by the state militia, resulting in nine deaths.
- 1881 - Indian Wars: Sioux chief Sitting Bull leads the last of
his fugitive people in surrender to United States troops at Fort Buford in Montana.
1900-1920
1920-1929
- 1920: United States: Democratic presidential candidate James M. Cox denounces the campaign fundraising of the Republicans.
- 1920 - Europe: The funeral of Empress Eugenie of France is held
in St. Michael's Abbey near Farnborough, England.
- 1920 - United States: Boxer Jack Johnson is arrested near San Diego, California, as he crossed the border from Tijuana, Mexico, after being on the run for five years after his conviction under the Mann Act.
- 1921 - Illinois: Governor Len Small and Lieutenant Governor Fred E. Sterling are indicted by the Sangamon County grand jury for embezzlement and defrauding the state of $2,000,000.
- 1921 - Massachusetts: The commonwealth's attorney general issues an
opinion that while the Nineteenth Amendment gave women the
vote, they are barred from running for office under the Massachusetts constitution.
- 1921 - United States: A United States Senate committee chaired by Kenneth McKellar (D-Tennessee) hears testimony of how mine
operators hired private detectives to infiltrate and spy on the
United Mine Workers.
- 1921 - Mexico: The Amatian oil fields eighty miles south of Tampico burn, causing millions of dollars in damage.
- 1921 - United States: Air
mail service begins between New York City and San Francisco.
- 1922 - Africa: The League of Nations awards mandates of Togoland to France and Tanganyika to the United Kingdom.
- 1923 - United States: In
New York City, the Ku
Klux Klan sues William Randolph Hearst's
International Magazine to stop it from publishing information from KKK files the Klan says were stolen.
- 1923 - New York State: New York City Mayor Mike Hylan, in a speech in Ogdensburg
says both the Republican and Democratic Parties are "corrupt manipulators"
and urges the public to abandon both of them.
- 1923 - Pacific Ocean: Japan
presents a report to the League of Nations on the Mandated Islands that presents its
administration as liberal and progressive.
- 1924 - Persia: Teheran is under martial law after the American vice consul, Robert Imbrie, is killed by a religious mob enraged by rumors he had poisoned a fountain and killed several
people.
- 1924 - Olympics: Americans Helen Wills and Vincent Richards win the Olympic tennis championships in Paris.
- 1924 - New York State: On a sweltering day, Coney Island breaks its attendance record as over 600,000 try to escape the
heat.
- 1925 - Tennessee: In Cleveland, Clarence Darrow questions William
Jennings Bryan in the Scopes Monkey Trial in a session
held out of doors about the literal truth of the Bible. Darrow also apologizes to the
court after the judge cited him for contempt.
- 1926 - Methodist Church: A convention
of the church votes to allow women to become priests.
- 1926 - Oklahoma: In Muskogee, four men were shot and six others badly beaten by two police officers on a drunken rampage in
three downtown hotels.
- 1926 - United Kingdom: In a speech to the Christian
Endeavor Movement, David Lloyd George tells youth it must
not repeat the mistakes of his generation and avoid war. He warns them Europe had "[[delerium tremens" from arms and it is
getting "drunk" on them once again.
- 1927 - Romania: Michael I becomes King at age five upon the death of his father
Ferdinand I.
- 1927 - United States: Following a devastating spring flood in the
lower Mississippi Valley, Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover
charged by President Calvin Coolidge on investigating the region's
needs, presents the president with a $200 million flood control
plan.
- 1927 - Austria: Fifty-seven victims of rioting in Vienna are buried in a single grave.
- 1928 - United States: A
United States Coast Guard patrol boat is sunk
after a Brazilian freighter slices it in two off Lewes, Delaware, killing two sailors.
- 1928 - Hungary: The government issues a decree ordering Gypsies to end their nomadic ways, settle permanently in one place, and subject themselves to the same laws and
taxes as other Hungarians.
- 1929 - Far East: Soviet troops attempt to cross the Amur River into Manchuria near Blagovestchensk as
tensions mount between the Soviet Union and China.
- 1929 - New Hampshire: The locomotive "Old Peppersass" derails on the
cog railway on Mount Washington and explodes, killing one.
- 1929 - France: Parliament narrowly approves President Poincare's plan to reschedule the country's foreign debts.
- 1929 - United States: President Herbert Hoover protests the use of his name on the selling of apricots grown on a California farm he owns an interest in.
- 1929 - Ohio: A plane crashes near Toledo, killing three.
1930-1939
- 1930 - Soviet Union: Maxim Litvinov is named the Soviet Union's Commissar of Foreign Affairs.
- 1930 - New York State: Alfred E. Smith, president of the company building the Empire State Building, announces the structure will have an observation deck 1,288 feet above Fifth
Avenue.
- 1930 - New York State: Five die in the 92°F heat New York City from the heat wave gripping the east coast.
- 1931 - United States: Former
Interior Secretary
Albert Fall enters state prison in Santa Fe, New Mexico on his bribery conviction from
the Teapot Dome scandal.
- 1931 - Connecticut: Two United States Army Air Corps planes collide over Newington, killing two.
- 1931 - Spain: Three are dead in rioting in Seville after police clash with marchers in a funeral parade for a syndicalist killed by the police days earlier.
- 1932 - Germany: President Paul von Hindenberg signs a decree ordering Franz von Papen to take control of the Prussian state government and declares martial law.
- 1932 - South America: Crowds in the capitals of Bolivia and Paraguay demand their governments
declare war on the other after fighting on their border.
- 1932 - United States: In Washington, D.C., police fire tear gas on World War I veterans part of the Bonus Expeditionary Force who attempt to march to the White House.
- 1932 - United States: The AFL
votes to ask President Herbert Hoover to help it secure a five-day work
week.
- 1933 - Europe: Germany's Franz von Papen and the Vatican's Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli
sign a concordat on behalf of their respective nations.
- 1933 - United Kingdom: In London, 500,000 march against anti-Semitism.
- 1933 - United States: President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders new regulations on the trading of grain in order to curb
speculators.
- 1933 - Tennessee: The state becomes the nineteenth to approve the Twenty-first Amendment to repeal Prohibition.
- 1933 - Germany: The Nazis arrest two-hundred Jewish merchants in Nuremburg and parade them through the streets.
- 1933 - Aviation: Aviator Wiley
Post damages his plane as he lands in Flat, Alaska, on his first
round-the-world flight.
- 1934 - Minnesota: Police in Minneaspolis fire upon striking truck drivers, wounding fifty.
- 1934 - Washington State: In Seattle, Mayor Charles L. Smith leads police in
firing tear gas on and clubbing 2,000 striking longshoremen.
- 1934 - Oregon: Governor Julius Meier calls out the National Guard to break a strike on the Portland docks.
- 1934 - Maine: Three murderers serving life sentences escape from the state prison in
Thomaston.
- 1934 - Iowa: The state experiences its hottest day on record as the temperature hits
118°F in Keokuk.
- 1934 - United States: Postmaster General James A. Farley announces
that the United States Post
Office Department turned a $5 million profit in the fiscal year ended June 30,
the first annual profit since 1919.
- 1934 - United States: President Franklin D. Roosevelt heads to Hawaii aboard the
cruiser USS Houston (CA-30).
- 1934 - Andorra: Spain arrests a man who
proclaimed himself the ruler of the tiny principality under the name "Boris I".
- 1935 - New York State:
Lightning kills four on the shore at Brighton
Beach.
- 1935 - Switzerland: A Royal Dutch Airlines plane
en route from Milan to Frankfurt crashes
into a Swiss mountain, killing thirteen.
- 1935 - Ethiopia: Emperor Hailie Selassie demands Italy cease its demands on his country.
- 1935 - Turkey: A munitions dump
near Istanbul explodes killing many.
- 1935 - India: Riots between Muslims and
Sikhs over a mosque in Lahore leave eleven
dead.
- 1936 - Freedom of the
seas: The Montreux Convention is signed in Montreux, Switzerland, authorizing Turkey to fortify the Dardanelles and Bosphorus but guaranteeing free passage to ships of all nations in peacetime.
- 1936 - Aviation: Aviator Wiley Post nears Alaska aboard the Winnie
Mae on his second round the world flight. His trip makes him the first person to fly around the world twice.
- 1937 - Michigan: A judge rules the
Ford Motor Company, as well as eight individuals, must stand
trial on criminal charges of assault for attacks on strikers in May.
- 1937 - Florida: Two black men accused of stabbing a policeman are taken by a mob
from the Leon County jail in Tallahassee and killed.
- 1938 - United States: The
Justice Department files suit
in New York City against the motion picture industry charging violations of anti-trust law. The case would eventually result in a break-up of the industry in 1948.
- 1938 - Aviation: Ireland's
President Douglas Hyde receives Douglas "Wrongway" Corrigan in Dublin after his transatlantic
flight.
- 1939 - United States: The keel
of the battleship USS Massachusetts (BB-59) is laid at the Bethlehem Steel shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts.
1940-1949
- 1940 - Denmark leaves the League of Nations.
- 1940 - Pop culture: Billboard magazine publishes its first "Music Popularity Chart"; the first number one song is Frank Sinatra's "I'll Never Smile Again".
- 1940 - Southeast Asia: Admiral Jean Decoux named governor of Indochina by Marshal Henri
Petain.
- 1940 - United States: President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs a bill limiting political activity by Federal employees, the
Hatch Act.
- 1941 - Soviet Union: Joseph Stalin consolidates the Commissariats of Home Affairs and National
Security to form the NKVD and names Lavrenti Beria its chief.
- 1941 - South America: In Bolivia, the government makes arrests, including the former finance minister Victor Paz Estenssoro, and shuts down newspapers, claiming a Nazi coup is in the works.
- 1941 - Baseball: In Detroit, Michigan, the New York Yankees
beat the Tigers 12-6 in a marathon seventeen inning game.
- 1942 - World War II: The first
unit of the Women's Army Corps begins training in Des Moines, Iowa.
- 1942 - World War II: Red
Army troops take bridgeheads over the Don River near Voronezh.
- 1942 - World War II: The Royal Air Force attacks Fuka
- 1942 - United States: The House of Representatives by a
vote of 392-2 passes the largest tax increase in American history, $6.3 billion, and raises corporate tax rates to 90
percent.
- 1943 - World War II: Red Army forces launch an attack on a 450 mile front from Taganrog to Orel.
- 1943 - World War II: American and Canadian troops conquer Enna on Sicily.
- 1943 - World War II: Three Japanese Navy ships are sunk by American planes near Vila in the
Solomon Islands.
- 1943 - World War II: In Washington, D.C., Admiral Frederick Horne, Vice Chief of
Naval Operations says the U.S. Navy is planning for the war to last until
1949.
- 1943 - World War II: Axis leaders Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini confer in
northern Italy
- 1944 - Germany: Adolf Hitler survives the July 20
Plot an assassination attempt led by Claus von
Stauffenberg.
- 1944 - World War II: American troops land on Guam near Port Apra.
- 1944 - World War II: On Sicily, fighting continues between German and American forces near Catania.
- 1944 - India: In Bombay, health authorities
announce a cholera epidemic has killed 34,000 in three months.
- 1944 - United States: The United States Democratic Party nominates
Franklin D. Roosevelt for a fourth term as
president.
- 1944 - Mexico: Fifty are hurt in rioting in front of the presidential palace in
Mexico City.
- 1945 - United States: The
U.S. Congress approves the Bretton Woods Agreement.
- 1945 - World War II: Talks continue on the fourth day of the Potsdam Conference outside Berlin.
- 1946 - World War II: The U.S. Congress's Pearl Harbor Committee
says Franklin D. Roosevelt was completely blameless for
the Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor and calls for a unified command structure in the armed forces.
- 1946 - United States: The United States House of
Representatives votes 265-79 to put control of atomic energy in the
hands of a civilian body, the Atomic Energy
Commission, rather than leave the military in control.
- 1946 - United States: Congressional conferees agree to extend the Office of Price Administration and its wage and price controls to June 30, 1947.
- 1946 - United States: Congress sends President Harry
S. Truman the GI Bill.
- 1946 - Michigan: A grand jury
indicts nineteen members of the state legislature for bribery for obstructing a banking reform bill.
- 1946 - Roman Catholic Church: Pope Pius XII denounces nationalization of industries.
- 1946 - World War II: The Soviet Union informed the United States Army
that Lord Hee Haw, the Iowa-born
propaganda broadcaster, had died in a Soviet camp in October 1945.
- 1946 - United Kingdom: Prime Minister Clement Atlee denounces leader of the opposition Winston Churchill's "stunts" and says the Tories have no
plan.
- 1947 - Southeast Asia: Police
in Burma arrest former Prime Minister U Saw and 19 others on charges of assassinating Prime Minister U Aung San and seven members of his cabinet.
- 1947 - South Asia: The viceroy
of India says the people of the Northwest Frontier Province overwhelmingly voted the previous day to join Pakistan rather than India.
- 1947 - Roman Catholic Church: Pope Pius XII canonizes a French
saint, Blessed Louis-Marie Gregnon de Montort.
- 1948 - Cold War: President Harry S. Truman issues the first peacetime military draft in the United States amid
increasing tensions with the Soviet Union.
- 1948 - Far East: Syngman
Rhee is elected president of South Korea by parliament.
- 1948 - United States: In New York City, twelve leaders of the Communist Party USA are indicted under the Smith Act
including William Z. Foster and Gus Hall.
- 1949 - Middle East: Israel and Syria sign a truce to end their nineteen
month war.
- 1949 - Bulgaria: Parliament elects Vassil Kolarov prime minister,
replacing Georgi Dimitrov.
- 1949 - United States: Carmine DeSapio becomes leader of Tammany Hall, the
Democratic organization in New York City.
- 1949 - Journalism: Colonel Robert R. McCormick announces the purchase of the Washington
Times-Herald by his paper, the Chicago Tribune.
- 1949 - United States: President Harry S. Truman signs a bill to enable urban
renewal and slum clearance.
1950-1959
- 1950 - Belgium: Parliament authorizes king Leopold III to return from exile in Austria.
- 1950 - Korean War: North
Korea attacks the temporary South Korean capital, Taejon.
- 1950 - United States: Senator Millard Tydings (D-Maryland) says Senator Joseph R. McCarthy (R-Wisconsin) had lied at a hearing and
that his claims of Communists in the State Department are a "fraud and a
hoax".
- 1950 - Korean War: The Daily Worker, the official newspaper of the Communist Party, editorializes that President Harry S. Truman is trying "to convert the Korean War into World War III."
- 1950 - Cold War: In Philadelphia, Harry
Gold pleads guilty to spying for the Soviet Union by passing secrets
from atomic scientist Klaus Fuchs.
- 1950 - Indonesia: A new federal system for the country's government is agreed
on to take effect August 17.
- 1951 - Middle East: King Abdullah I of Jordan is assassinated while attending Friday prayers
in Jerusalem.
- 1951 - World War II: The United States invites fifty nations to San Francisco
to consider a peace treaty with Japan.
- 1951 - United States: The Missouri River continues to flood in the Midwest.
- 1952 - Middle East: The Egyptian prime minister, Hussein Sirry Pasha resigns.
- 1952 - Olympics - The 15th Olympic Games begin in Helsinki,
Finland.
- 1952 - New York State - A train on the Long Island Railroad strikes an automobile near Central Islip, killing seven.
- 1953 - Middle East: Israel and the Soviet Union resume
diplomatic relations after five month lapse.
- 1953 - United Nations: The United Nations Economic and Social Council votes to make UNICEF a permanent agency.
- 1953 - United States: President Dwight Eisenhower presents his agenda to Congressional leaders.
- 1953 - Far East: Eisenhower names Ellis O. Briggs ambassador to
South Korea.
- 1954 - Germany: Otto John, head of West Germany's secret service, defects to East
Germany.
- 1954 - United States: Senator Joseph R. McCarthy accepts the resignation of his aide Roy Cohn.
- 1954 - Southeast Asia: At Geneva, Switzerland, an armistice is signed that
ends fighting in Vietnam and divides the country along the 17th parallel.
- 1955 - Far East: China shells Taiwan's islands Quemoy and Matsu.
- 1955 - Cold War: The summit between leaders of the United States, Soviet
Union, France, and the United
Kingdom continues at Geneva, Switzerland.
- 1955 - Michigan: The United Auto Workers is indicted under the Federal
Corrupt Practices Act for its activities in Michigan in the 1954 elections.
- 1955 - United States: The committee working on the merger of
America's two largest labor federations, the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations, agrees to call the combined organization
the "AFL-CIO"
- 1956 - Middle East: The British Foreign Office announces it was
cancelling funding for Egypt's Aswan High Dam
- 1956 - United States: A nationwide civil defense drill, "Operation Alert", is held, simulating a Soviet nuclear strike on seventy-five
American cities. As part of the exercise, 10,000 bureaucrats and officials leave Washington, D.C., for bunkers around the captial.
- 1956 - Far East: In Mukden, Pu Yi, the former Emperor of China, testifies in the
war crimes trials of twenty-two Japanese, the first time Pu Yi's whereabouts had
been known since 1946.
- 1956 - Western Hemisphere: United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower leaves for Panama, where a summit of leaders of the hemisphere's nations is to be held.
- 1957 - United States: President
Dwight Eisenhower appoints a panel of federal officials to work
with a committee of state governors on defining federal-state relations.
- 1957 - Freedom of the seas: The Soviet Union closes Peter the Great Bay, which
provides access to Vladivostok, to foreign ships.
- 1958 -Yugoslavia: Twenty-six are dead
in an explosion at a military base near Kokin Breg.
- 1958 - Middle East: Jordan
suspends diplomatic relations with the United Arab Republic
after it recognized the new government of Iraq.
- 1958 - United States: President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs legislation to give federal employees a 10 percent raise.
- 1958 - Baseball: Jim
Bunning of the Detroit Tigers pitches a no-hitter against the
Boston Red Sox.
- 1959 - Europe: The Organization for
European Economic Cooperation admits Spain.
- 1959 - Africa: Haile
Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, arrives in Paris for a state visit with President Charles de
Gaulle.
- 1959 - Soviet Union: Premier Nikita Khrushchev postpones his visit to Scandinavia
citing anti-Soviet sentiment there.
1960-1969
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