Timeline of medicine and medical technology

• c. 2600s BC - Imhotep wrote texts describing diagnosis and treatment of 200 diseases in 3rd dynasty Egypt.
• c. 1500s BC - Saffron used as a medicine on the Aegean island of Thera in ancient Greece
• c. 500 BC¹ - Sushruta wrote Sushruta Samhita describing over 120 surgical instruments, 300 surgical procedures and classified human surgery in 8 categories. Performed cosmetic surgery
• 420 BC - Hippocrates begins the scientific study of medicine by maintaining that diseases have natural causes and puts forth the Hippocratic Oath, marking the birth of modern medicine
• 280 BC - Herophilus studies the nervous system and distinguishes between sensory nerves and motor nerves
• 250 BC - Erasistratus studies the brain and distinguishes between the cerebrum and cerebellum
• 50-70 - Pedanius Dioscorides writes De Materia Medica - a precursor of modern pharmacopeias that was in use for almost 1600 years
• 180 - Galen studies the connection between paralysis and severance of the spinal cord
• c. 1010 - Avicenna writesThe Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine
• 1242 - Ibn an-Nafis suggests that the right and left ventricles of the heart are separate and describes the lesser circulation of blood
• 1249 - Roger Bacon writes about convex lens spectacles for treating long-sightedness
• 1403 - Venice implements a quarantine against the Black Death
• 1451 - Nicholas of Cusa invents concave lens spectacles to treat myopia
• early 16th century: Paracelsus, an alchemist by trade, rejects occultism and pioneers the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine
• 1543 - Andreas Vesalius publishes De Fabrica Corporis Humani which corrects Greek medical errors and revolutionizes medicine
• 1546 - Girolamo Fracastoro proposes that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable seedlike entities
• 1553 - Miguel Serveto describes the lesser circulation of blood through the lungs
• 1559 - Realdo Colombo describes the lesser circulation of blood through the lungs in detail
• 1603 - Girolamo Fabrici studies leg veins and notices that they have valves which only allow blood to flow toward the heart
• 1628 - William Harvey explains the vein-artery system and structure of the heart in Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus
• 1701 - Giacomo Pylarini gives the first smallpox inoculations
• 1747 - James Lind discovers that citrus fruits prevent scurvy
• 1763 - Claudius Aymand performs the first successful appendectomy
• 1790s - Samuel Hahnemann rages against the prevalent practice of bloodletting as a universal cure and founds homeopathy
• 1796 - Edward Jenner develops a smallpox vaccination method
• 1800 - Humphry Davy announces the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide
• 1816 - Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope
• 1842 - Crawford Long performs the first surgical operation using anasthesia
• 1847 - Ignaz Semmelweis studies and prevents the transmission of puerperal fever
• 1849 - Elizabeth Blackwell is the first woman to gain a medical degree
• 1870 - Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory of disease
• 1881 - Louis Pasteur develops an anthrax vaccine
• 1882 - Louis Pasteur develops a rabies vaccine
• 1890 - Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and uses them to develop tetanus and diphtheria vaccines
• 1901 - Karl Landsteiner discovers the existence of different human blood types
• 1906 - Frederick Hopkins suggests the existence of vitamins and suggests that a lack of vitamins causes scurvy and rickets
• 1907 - Paul Ehrlich develops a chemotherapeutic cure for sleeping sickness
• 1908 - Victor Horsley and R. Clarke invents the stereotactic method
• 1917 - Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovers the malarial fever shock therapy for general paresis of the insane
• 1921 - Edward Mellanby discovers vitamin D and shows that its absence causes rickets
• 1923 First vaccine for Diphtheria
• 1926 First vaccine for Pertussis
• 1927 First vaccine for Tuberculosis
• 1927 First vaccine for Tetanus
• 1928 - Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
• 1929 - Hans Berger discovers human electroencephalography
• 1932 - Gerhard Domagk develops a chemotherapeutic cure for streptococcus
• 1933 - Manfred Sakel discovers insulin shock therapy
• 1935 - Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy
• 1935 First vaccine for Yellow Fever
• 1936 - Egas Moniz discovers prefrontal lobotomy for treating mental diseases
• 1938 - Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini discover electroconvulsive therapy
• 1949 First implant of intraocular lens, by Harold Ridley
• 1952 - Jonas Salk develops the first polio vaccine
• 1957 - Walter Grey Walter invents the brain EEG topography (toposcope)
• 1962 First Oral Polio Vaccine
• 1964 First vaccine for Measles
• 1965 Frank Pantridge installs the first portable defibrillator
• 1967 First vaccine for Mumps
• 1970 First vaccine for Rubella
• 1981 First vaccine for Hepatitis B

External links

• Interactive timeline of medicine and medical technology (http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/biology/abpi/history/timeline.html) (requires Flash plugin)

Footnote

1. The date at which the Sushruta Samhita was compiled is uncertain. A Tribute to Hinduism (http://www.atributetohinduism.com/Hindu_Culture2.htm) and other sources agree that Sushruta lived in the 5th century B.C., and so even the date 500 B.C. may be too early.